To extract nucleic acids from membrane filters, the filters were cut aseptically, using a scalpel, into four one-quarter sections. One of these one-quarter sections was inserted into a 2-ml screw-cap polypropylene tube containing 100 mg of 106-μm glass beads, 100 mg of 425- to 600-μm glass beads, and 500 μl of diluent buffer. The tube was shaken for 3 min at a high-speed setting in a bead ruptor (bead beater). After the bead-beating step, the sample was centrifuged for 30 s at 14,000 × g, and the supernatant was collected.

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