Cell pellets were resuspended in 1 ml of TE buffer, and the cells were then lysed with 0.1-mm glass beads, thrice for 1 min at 4°C using a bead ruptor (bead beater) with a 1-min cool-down interval between each cycle. The lysed bacterial samples were centrifuged (2,500 × g, 10 min) at 4°C, and the supernatant was saved and stored at −70°C.

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